Is low-volume high intensity interval training a time-efficient strategy for improving body composition and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents? Evidence from a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.

Front Physiol · 2025 · PMC12757267 · PMID 41488923

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0565

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0565

boldest claim

The sentences

a negative trendp = 0.0565so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.0565so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Although the association between total training sessions and DBP improvement showed a negative trend, it did not reach statistical significance (β = −0.0340, p = 0.0565), implying that increasing the number of sessions may contribute to DBP reduction, but the evidence remains insufficient.

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borderline significantno p-value reported

Visually, most funnel plots appeared relatively symmetrical, although some outcomes (e.g., VO 2 max and waistline) yielded borderline significant p-values (both 0.010) in Egger’s test, suggesting a potential small-study effect.

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