Implications of inflammation and sex in lower extremity arterial disease.

50 Data for sVCAM‐1 and sICAM‐1 only showed a weak trend with LEAD severity, which was attenuated after adjustment for baseline risk factors. 30 Furthermore, Edlinger et al. did not find any relationship between sVCAM‐1 and increasing disease stage according to Rutherford classifications.

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79 A population‐based study in Sweden involving 5080 participants (55% women) reported a higher LEAD prevalence in women (19.2%) than in men (16.5%) when defined by an ABI <.9, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. 80 Similarly, a large screening study by Hiramoto et al., including 205,746 individuals (65% female), found a higher LEAD prevalence in women (4.1%) compared to men (2.6%). 81 However, the study population consisted of self‐referred individuals willing to pay for screening, which introduces a potential selection bias.

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100 Additionally, a retrospective study from Rome of 1640 patients (32.7% women) showed a trend toward more major adverse limb and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events in men, though the differences were not statistically significant. 101 Conversely, another study reported no differences between the sexes in mortality in CLI patients. 102 A comprehensive meta‐analysis of 40 studies,

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