highly significantp < 0.0001
The results showed highly significant main effects (all p < 0.0001, Supplementary Material Table S4 ) regarding nebulizer type, placement position, and artificial airway type.
The results showed highly significant main effects (all p < 0.0001, Supplementary Material Table S4 ) regarding nebulizer type, placement position, and artificial airway type.
In this standalone setting, the VMN, with its higher aerosol output rate and superior aerosol characteristics (lower MMAD and higher FPF), as also reported in the literature [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], showed a trend toward slightly higher drug delivery compared to the JN, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.309).