Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the involvement of the gut-brain axis in children with autism.

At the genus level, a significant imbalance was observed in the core microbiota: the beneficial genus Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides showed a decreasing trend.

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At the genus level, the MUC variant score exhibited specific positive correlations with mucin-utilizing or mucus-resident genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and certain [Eubacterium] groups ), while showing a negative trend with butyrate-producing, barrier-maintaining bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium and specific Lachnospiraceae subgroups) ( Figure 5E ).

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Concurrently, the TD group also showed a trend towards higher Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices.

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However, Bifidobacterium abundance was paradoxically increased, and Prevotella also exhibited an increasing trend ( Figures 3C , D , I ).

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