Neurometabolics of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Neuroimage Clin · 2026 · PMC12914551 · PMID 41679103

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0540

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.1490

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.054so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Visual inspection of the funnel plot suggested no evidence of publication bias, and this was supported by a marginally significant Egger’s test (p = 0.054).

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approached significancep = 0.066so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

No other individual moderator significantly affected mI levels between MDD subjects and controls, though internal reference type approached significance (p = 0.066).

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failed to reach significancep = 0.149not close (p > 0.1)

Relative to controls, MDD subjects showed qualitatively increased levels of Cho in the ACC, but this difference failed to reach significance (Hedges’ g = 0.14, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.33, p = 0.149).

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approaching significanceno p-value reported

Results also showed that choline was increased in MDD subjects compared to controls, but this difference was only approaching significance.

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