Association of SAF with cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients Among the CKD population, subgroup analyses comparing patients with ESRD to non-ESRD showed elevated SAF to be significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality in ESRD patients (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.45–2.73, I 2 = 74.6%), but not in non-ESRD patients (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.93–1.87, I 2 = 38.2%), with a nominally significant interaction (P for interaction = 0.087, Fig. 4 A).
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Differential impact of advanced glycation end-products on cardiovascular risk across patient populations measured by skin autofluorescence: a meta-analysis.
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type 2 DM patients Elevated SAF was significantly associated with higher mortality risk in patients with type 1 DM (HR 4.12, 95% CI 1.11–15.3, I 2 = 0.0%) compared to type 2 DM (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.12–2.06, I 2 = 26.4%), although the difference between diabetes types did not reach statistical significance (P for interaction = 0.146, Supplemental Fig. 3 A).