Smart CaCO<sub>3</sub>-coated probiotics relieve constipation by enhancing intestinal motility and modulating microbial enzymes in a loperamide-induced rat model.

In summary, PEC administration showed a tendency to reduce serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β elevated by loperamide-induced constipation, although the reductions did not reach statistical significance under the conditions tested in the current study 10 , 12 , 36 , 39 – 41 , 50 .

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It also showed a trend to reduce systemic inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α and IL-1β.

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The PEC-150 group exhibited a decreasing trend in dry fecal weight (0.2 ± 0.1 g) without reaching statistical significance compared to the control, while restoration of fecal moisture content to 69.5 ± 2.9%, a level not statistically different from that of the normal group (69.3 ± 3.9%).

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