Modulating the gut microbiome to enhance cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis of probiotics and FMT as adjuncts.

BMC Cancer · 2026 · PMC12924409 · PMID 41606514

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showed a trendP = 0.12not close (p > 0.1)

Similarly, interventions using either probiotics or FMT were associated with an increased ORR (pooled OR = 1.62, P = 0.006) and showed a trend toward improved DCR (pooled OR = 1.74, P = 0.12).

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did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.12not close (p > 0.1)

With respect to tumor response, patients receiving microbiota-directed interventions (probiotics and FMT) were associated with an increased ORR (pooled OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.15–2.28, P = 0.006), while the DCR also demonstrated a trend toward improvement that did not reach statistical significance (pooled OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 0.86–3.49, P = 0.12).

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