Developing an Empirical Theory of Planned Behavior Model of Healthy Dietary Choice and Evaluating Gamified Feedback Among Japanese Young Adults.

Nutrients · 2026 · PMC12943355 · PMID 41754203

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0590

closest p · 1.2× alpha

0.0590

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.059so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Awareness of consequences (AC) was marginally higher among star-rating users than non-rating users, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (91% vs. 79%, p = 0.059).

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near-significantp = 0.059so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Compared with the non-rating version, the star-rating group was observed to show: Lower self-efficacy and behavior scores, suggesting that objective feedback may initially highlight the difficulty of achieving nutritional balance and temporarily reduce perceived competence; Slightly higher (near-significant) awareness of consequences ( p = 0.059), indicating elevated recognition of dietary risks.

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