Air pollution and male infertility: A meta-umbrella study of evidence on semen quality.

Medicine (Baltimore) · 2026 · PMC12975254 · PMID 41790664

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did not reach statistical significanceP = .06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

showed a trendno p-value reported

Concentration was inversely related to pollution levels (SMD ‐0.14; 95% CI ‐0.21 to ‐0.06; P < .001), while sperm count showed a trend toward reduction but did not reach statistical significance (SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.26 to 0.01; P = .06).

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