The direct effect of effort expectancy approached significance (β = 0.126, p = 0.052), suggesting a potential direct promoting effect, although the statistical evidence for this path is weaker than that for other significant paths.
5.1.1 The mediated role of performance expectancy Performance expectancy exerted a significant direct positive effect on active participation in exercise (β = 0.244, p < 0.001), but its direct path to deep engagement in exercise failed to reach statistical significance (β = 0.069, p = 0.241).
Effort expectancy, social influence, and hedonic motivation each exhibited either significant or marginally significant direct effects, while also demonstrating significant indirect effects mediated by virtual-real integration.