Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus infections in domestic small ruminants in Türkiye.

Trop Anim Health Prod · 2026 · PMC12992406 · PMID 41838272

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0530

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0530

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Although BTV seropositivity showed numerical variation across districts, this association did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.053) and is therefore interpreted cautiously as a hypothesis-generating observation rather than evidence of true geographical clustering, consistent with previous studies highlighting that apparent spatial heterogeneity may arise from sampling structure and analytical limitations (Ma et al. 2019 ; Charron et al. 2013 ).

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showed a trendP = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

District-level variation showed a trend toward statistical significance ( P = 0.053), indicating possible spatial heterogeneity in BTV exposure.

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borderline significanceP = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

District showed borderline significance ( P = 0.053).

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borderline significantP = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The association between district and BTV seropositivity was borderline significant (χ2 = 18.09; df = 9; P = 0.053), indicating possible geographic variation in exposure among the sampled areas.

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