Effects of nutritional supplementation on physical performance and sport-specific skills in volleyball players: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Similarly, subgroup analysis by supplement type indicated that caffeine significantly enhanced strength (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.72; p = 0.03), while structural and recovery support agents showed a trend towards improvement (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI: −0.03, 1.00; p = 0.07) ( Figure 4C ). 3.5.3 Agility performance In the quantitative analysis of agility, four studies were included ( Del Coso et al., 2014 ; Kaszuba et al., 2023 ; Nemati et al., 2023 ; Pérez-López et al., 2015 ).

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Subgroup analysis based on intervention duration revealed that both acute (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.72; p = 0.03) and chronic interventions (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI: −0.03, 1.00; p = 0.07) showed a positive effect on strength performance, although the chronic subgroup did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4B ).

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