Androgen receptor expression in glioblastoma: molecular profiling and association with tumor burden.

AR mRNA expression showed a strong trend toward positive correlation with Ki67 proliferation index ( r = 0.44, p = 0.07) and tumor volume ( r = 0.36, p = 0.06 for T1-enhancing regions; r = 0.40, p = 0.03 for non-enhancing FLAIR-hyperintense regions).

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In our cohort, AR mRNA and protein expression levels varied substantially among patients but showed a trend for positive correlation ( r = 0.26, p = 0.31; r = 0.46, p = 0.06, respectively for positive nuclei or cell detection).

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At the same time, AR protein expression, assessed as the percentage of AR-positive tumor cells (nuclei)), showed a weak trend toward association with infiltrative FLAIR-hyperintense volume (β = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.02–0.04, p = 0.614), but not clear relationship with contrast-enhancing volume after multivariable adjustment (Fig. 5 , B).

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These findings are preliminary, given the modest sample size and the limited statistical power, which resulted in borderline significant results, that are mostly exploratory trends rather than definitive conclusions.

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