Short-Term Sulfurous Balneotherapy and Self-Reported Sleep Quality: An Exploratory Retrospective Real-World Pre-Post Observational Study at Terme di Saturnia (Italy).

Healthcare (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13026361 · PMID 41897235

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0540

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0720

boldest claim

The sentences

showed a trendp = 0.054so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Treatment duration also showed a trend toward between-group difference ( p = 0.054). 3.2.

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.072so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Furthermore, although between-group differences in age and treatment duration did not reach statistical significance, the observed trends ( p = 0.072 and p = 0.054, respectively) suggest that age may represent a potential confounder, as sleep architecture and insomnia prevalence are known to change with ageing.

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