Periodontal Disease and Incidence of Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.

42 , 43 The positive association between lung cancer and PD in our study did not reach statistical significance, which differs from the findings of other meta-analyses. 44 , 45 , 46 Our meta-analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.8%) in the association between PD and lung cancer.

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Liver cancer showed a statistically significant association (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04-1.21; I 2 = 0.0%), whereas kidney cancer exhibited a borderline non-significant trend (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.93-1.44; I 2 = 65.3%) ( Figure 3 ; Supplementary Figure 1 ).

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