Music in complex endoscopy: Effect of functional music on sedation requirements during endoscopic ultrasound and ERCP.

0.17 mg/kg/min; P = 0.08), although this did not reach statistical significance.

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However, short BIS sampling intervals may have missed transient responses. Interestingly, patients with poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) showed a trend toward lower propofol consumption, implying that preexisting autonomic instability could modulate music responsiveness—a finding warranting further exploration.

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