Vitamin D supplementation in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on semen quality and endocrine function.

T levels The meta-analysis demonstrated a highly significant overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on T levels (MD: 0.28 nmol/L, P = 0.0001) ( Amini et al., 2020 ; Holt et al., 2024 ; Maghsoumi-Norouzabad et al., 2021 ; Wadhwa et al., 2020 ).

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LH levels The meta-analysis ( n = 837 participants) demonstrated a borderline significant reduction in LH levels with intervention (MD = −0.15 IU/L, P = 0.03), with no observed heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%, P = 0.45) ( Amini et al., 2020 ; Bartl et al., 2021 ; Holt et al., 2024 ; Maghsoumi-Norouzabad et al., 2021 ; Padmapriya et al., 2022 ; Wadhwa et al., 2020 ).

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In meta-regression models for semen volume, the frequentist analysis identified a marginally significant inverse association with BMI, whereas the Bayesian model did not confirm this finding.

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Subgroup analysis by treatment duration ( P = 0.06) did not reach statistical significance, though effects differed numerically between 5–6-month (MD = −0.29 IU/L) and ≤3-month (MD=0.28 IU/L) interventions ( Fig.

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While the overall effect approached significance, the confidence interval marginally crossed the null value ( Fig. 5B ).

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