A Freshwater Pearl Mussel Polysaccharide Alleviates Inflammatory Pain by Targeting Peripheral Cytokines and Spinal Astroglial NLRP3/GFAP Responses.

Statistical analysis using two‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA of PVs revealed highly significant Treatment × Time interactions for both the ipsilateral ( F (25, 270) = 22.73, p < 0.0001) and contralateral ( F (25, 270) = 2.41, p < 0.0001) paws.

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While the low dose (0.27 g kg −1 ) effectively decreased the TNF‐α level (66.13 ± 15.93 pg mL −1 , p = 0.0005, Cohen's d = 1.88), its effect on IL‐6 reduction (4.51 ± 0.27, p = 0.058, Cohen's d = 0.91) showed a strong trend but did not reach statistical significance.

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