Association between insulin resistance and breast cancer risk in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: mediating effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers.

While the association in the unadjusted model (Model 1) was marginally significant for the continuous variable (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.97–1.52; P = 0.100), it became statistically significant in Model 2 (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03–1.67; P = 0.028) and reached its strongest significance in the fully adjusted Model 3 (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.14–2.04; P = 0.005).

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Although the P for nonlinearity did not reach statistical significance ( P for nonlinearity = 0.161), the shape of the curve may still carry biological or clinical relevance.

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Analysis by quartiles in Model 3 indicated a possible dose‒response pattern, with the highest quartile (Q4) showing a significantly elevated risk compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.18–5.07, P = 0.017), which was supported by a significant trend test ( P for trend = 0.009).

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