A comprehensive ruminant microbial catalog (CRMC) reveals convergent selection for key vitamin-synthesizing pathways and genes across ruminants and human.

Notably, the dominant phylum Bacteroidota exhibited a significant trend of being shared across all hosts (Fig. 2c ), likely reflecting its critical role in the degradation of fibrous plant materials in the ruminant foregut.

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Substrates that exhibited a clear trend of being commonly utilized across most ruminant GIT microbiomes included plant-derived polysaccharides such as alpha-mannan, fructan, arabinogalactan, galactomannan, ulvan, cellulose, and galactoxyloglucan, together with glycosidases involved in polysaccharide breakdown (Fig. 2d ).

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