Idiopathic nodular glomerulosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy: a histological and prognostic comparison highlighting the impact of smoking.

BMC Nephrol · 2026 · PMC13112698 · PMID 41851871

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hedged sentences

0.0900

closest p · 1.8× alpha

0.0900

boldest claim

The sentences

showed a trendp = 0.090so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

ING subjects also showed a trend toward more ischemic-type collapse compared to DN patients (36.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.090) (Table 2 ).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the proportion of patients with a smoking history was numerically higher in ING than in DN, this difference did not reach statistical significance, likely reflecting the limited sample size.

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