highly significantp < 0.001
Although ELISA analysis indicated no significant differences in HIF-1α levels among groups ( p = 0.119), immunohistochemical analysis revealed highly significant differences in HIF-1α immunoreactivity ( p < 0.001), with highest expression in Group B (CMA + Saline) and lowest in Group D (CMA + SIL), while Group C (CMA + NAC) showed intermediate levels.