Efficacy and Safety of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

J Clin Med · 2026 · PMC13164494 · PMID 42123139

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did not reach statistical significancep < 0.01actually significant

showed a trendno p-value reported

Within the breathing control subgroup, gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERDQ) scores showed a trend favoring the abdominal breathing regimen (SMD = −0.74; 95% CI: −2.06 to 0.57), though this did not reach statistical significance, and heterogeneity remained high ( I 2 = 85.9%, p < 0.01).

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