Kratom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>) as a Phytochemical-Based Natural Product Exhibiting Opioid-like Analgesic Effects with Reduced Tolerance and Dependence Liability via TLR4-Associated Neuroimmune Modulation.

According to Figure 5 , mice treated with kratom fraction showed a trend toward increased latency in tail-pinch latency compared to the normal control group, which did not receive any test substance.

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Although some variations in behavioural responses were observed across treatment groups, these differences did not reach statistical significance and are therefore interpreted as descriptive trends rather than statistically confirmed effects.

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