Association of Early Feeding Practices with Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants During the First 12 Months: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Nutrients · 2026 · PMC13164724 · PMID 42123985

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0690

closest p · 1.4× alpha

0.2600

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.069so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Regarding swallowing difficulty, the MF group had significantly higher odds than the EDB group (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.18–4.21, p = 0.013); the EBB group showed a trend toward higher odds that did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 0.95–4.00, p = 0.069).

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showed a trendp = 0.260not close (p > 0.1)

Although the EBB group showed a trend toward higher odds of constipation, the difference was not statistically significant (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.76–2.71; p = 0.260).

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borderline significanceno p-value reported

It should be noted, however, that the evidence for swallowing difficulty is limited (borderline significance), and its clinical significance warrants further validation.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.