Health Literacy and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study among youth in Karachi.

Pak J Med Sci · 2026 · PMC13188622 · PMID 42170409

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0580

closest p · 1.2× alpha

0.0580

boldest claim

The sentences

a borderline significant trendp = 0.058so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

This reinforces the idea that HL disparities in Pakistan are structural rather than inherent to specific demographic groups A borderline significant trend showed that having a chronic health condition was associated with higher HL (AOR = 2.22; p = 0.058).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Regarding digital literacy measures, the adjusted odds of higher health literacy were highest among individuals who always searched for online health information (AOR = 12.30; 95% CI: 2.07–73.21; p = 0.006), while other categories did not reach statistical significance.

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