Moderating effect of health-related behavior on the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and willingness to pay for safe and nutritious food among smallholder farmers in Southwest, Nigeria.

Income demonstrated a highly significant difference across WTP groups with F(3, 290) = 150.351, p < 0.001, indicating that higher income levels are strongly associated with greater willingness to invest in safe and nutritious food.

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Education-HRB interaction shows marginal significance (χ 2 = 8.141, p = 0.043), indicating context-dependent effects.

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Household size and age For household size, no pairwise differences were statistically significant at the 0.05 level, though the contrast between groups 0 and 2 approached significance ( p = 0.055).

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Finally, the near-significant independence of HRB from income dynamics ( p = 0.102) suggests that behavioral drivers operate alongside, rather than subordinate to, economic capacity. 4.8.

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The large effect size indicates this interaction may be practically significant for targeting interventions.

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