The gut-heart axis in heart failure: from bidirectional pathophysiological mechanisms to integrative therapeutic strategies.

Front Microbiol · 2026 · PMC13199359 · PMID 42199550

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the pooled analysis showed a trend toward reduced 6-month rehospitalization, this did not reach statistical significance.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Overall, all HF subtypes showed a trend of decreased α diversity, but the degree of decrease differed: the decrease in gut microbiota diversity was most significant in HFrEF patients, while it was relatively mild in HFpEF ( Luedde et al., 2017 ; Beale et al., 2021 ).

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