A Vascular-Extracellular Matrix Molecular Program Identifies High-Risk Diffuse Glioma Across Independent Multi-Omics.

Factor 4 displayed consistent prognostic directionality in both cohorts (CGGA Batch 1: p = 0.10, Figure 7 B; CGGA Batch 2: p = 0.064, Figure 7 D), though these all-glioma associations did not reach statistical significance; Factor 4’s prognostic value is confined to IDH-mutant strata, as detailed in the IDH-stratified analysis ( Figure 5 ).

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Within IDH-wildtype gliomas, Factor 1 was significant in both external validation cohorts (CGGA1: HR = 1.64, FDR = 4.6 × 10 −6 ; CGGA2: HR = 1.20, FDR = 0.02), though the TCGA IDH-wildtype subgroup showed a trend that did not survive FDR correction (FDR = 0.060).

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