Gender bias in the clinical reasoning steps of medical students: a critical examination.

BMC Med Educ · 2026 · PMC13220609 · PMID 41998608

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0700

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep ≥ 0.05actually significant

Trends that did not reach statistical significance ( p ≥ 0.05) were also highlighted, in line with recommendations to avoid strictly dichotomous interpretations of statistical significance [ 19 ].

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showed a trendp = 0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

This was mainly observed among female students, who showed a trend towards asking female SPs less often (56.3% vs. 78.6% male SPs, p = 0.07).

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