A time-series analysis of the short-term effects of daily PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure on cause-specific mortality in Mashhad, Iran (2019-2024).

By contrast, the number of days exceeding the Iranian national standard (35 μg/m 3 ) was lower but showed an increasing trend, rising from 2227 days in 2019 to 3,278 days in 2024.

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In contrast, the results for longer lag periods indicated a positive trend approaching statistical significance.

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In the case of asthma, although elevated risks of mortality were observed across several lags, these increases generally did not reach statistical significance.

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The results indicated that PM 2.5 exposure was significantly associated with mortality from IHD, stroke, COPD, and ALRI, while asthma and lung cancer showed near-significant trends.

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