Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total saponins from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and evaluation of their antioxidant activity and pH stability.

All experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), where P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicated significant and highly significant differences, respectively.

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Although ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic power had no statistically significant effect on the extraction yield ( P > 0.05), they showed a clear trend of first increasing and then decreasing.

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The results indicated that all key parameters (solid–liquid ratio, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic time, and ethanol concentration) exerted a significant trend of increase followed by decrease on the SZS-TS yield within the experimental parameters ( Fig. 1 ).

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