Serum cytokine profiling reveals CXCL10 (IP-10) as a major predictor of severe COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients during the first pandemic wave in Italy.

Front Immunol · 2026 · PMC13243234 · PMID 42266682

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failed to reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

A striking result of our study is the superior prognostic accuracy of serum CXCL10 compared with IL-6, which failed to reach statistical significance in our multivariable mortality model.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In our cohort, four of the five ICU patients who died had elevated TNF-α levels compared with survivors, although this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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a trend toward significanceno p-value reported

Notably, TNF-α serum levels and number of comorbidities showed a trend toward significance in this model (OR = 1.239; 95%CI: 0.998 - 1.539; OR = 0.960; 95%CI: 0.916 - 1.006, respectively), suggesting a potential but weaker contribution among cytokines and clinical aspects ( Figure 3 ).

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