Effects of ketone bodies supplementation in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

World J Crit Care Med · 2026 · PMC13248031 · PMID 42272881

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0500

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantP = 0.05actually significant

SVO 2 %: Pooled analysis of four studies revealed that ketone supplementation led to a marginally significant increase in SVO 2 % compared to placebo (MD = 3.33, 95%CI: -0.01 to 6.68; P = 0.05; Figure 2D ).

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did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

showed a trendno p-value reported

In subgroup analysis, patients with HFrEF showed a trend toward improved S’max, although this did not reach statistical significance (MD = 3.03; 95%CI: -0.30 to 6.36; P = 0.07).

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