Baseline Inflammatory Cytokines Moderate Associations Between Intraoperative Oxidative Stress and Chronic Postsurgical Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Exploratory Study.

Given the exploratory nature of the study, for all models resulting in an OS X cytokine interaction that was significant (p < 0.05) or approaching significance (p < 0.10), formal simple effects tests were conducted to evaluate the conditional slope of OS on pain and functional outcomes at both high (+1 SD above the mean) and low (−1 SD) levels of the cytokine moderator.

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Simple effects tests for all three interactions that approached significance revealed a pattern consistent with the significant findings described above: a positive but non-significant association between OS and pain at high IL-6 levels (β range: 0.40–4.45, p-values 0.058 to 0.102), with no association at low IL-6 levels (all p > 0.35).

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