Peripheral blood biomarkers RCAN1, Clusterin, RAGE, and malondialdehyde for early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

BMC Med · 2026 · PMC13267256 · PMID 42045900

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

APOE ε4 carrier frequency increased progressively from stable controls (15.8%) to MCI converters (40.0%) and AD patients (53.8%), in line with established epidemiological patterns, although these differences did not reach statistical significance, likely due to limited sample size (Table 2 ).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

RAGE levels showed a trend toward reduction in MCI but did not remain significant.

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