Psychological characteristics of metacognitive strategy use and vocabulary development paths among vocational university students in a personalized english teaching environment.

BMC Psychol · 2026 · PMC13270583 · PMID 42057200

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0780

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < .001actually significant

The experimental group’s breadth gain (M = 13.4 points) was roughly twice that of the control group (M = 6.3 points), and the between-group difference on gain scores was highly significant (t = 4.37, p < .001).

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fell short of significancep = .062so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Self-efficacy, dominant in the breadth model, fell short of significance for depth (β = 0.18, p = .062).

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did not reach statistical significancep = .063so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The anxiety–evaluation link did not reach statistical significance ( r = − .17, p = .063).

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approached significancep = .078so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Anxiety approached significance (β = − 0.15, p = .078) but did not cross the threshold.

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