Ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging reveals sex-specific recovery after ischemic stroke following treatment with three-dimensional human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles.

Although between-group differences did not reach statistical significance, 3D-EV-treated females demonstrated a consistent trend toward smaller lesion volumes compared to saline controls across the 21 day period, a pattern less evident in male animals ( Fig. 4 B, 4C, 4D ).

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Overall, female animals showed a trend of more favorable recovery than males, though many of these differences did not reach statistical significance.

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