Admission Cytokine Profiling for ICU Mortality Prediction in Heterogeneous Acute Respiratory Failure: An Exploratory Cytokine Profiling Study

T cell-associated cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A) did not reach statistical significance despite numerical differences.

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While non-survivors showed a trend toward higher levels across most cytokines and chemokines, significant group differences were observed primarily among monocyte/macrophage-derived mediators (CCL2, CXCL10, IL-18), whereas IL-1Ra showed a marked numerical increase and was significantly associated with mortality in univariable logistic regression.

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