Fostering a Reflecting Processing of the Academic Crisis: The Effectiveness of Group Counselling for Underachieving University Students

Healthcare (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13299430

Europe PMC

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highly significantno p-value reported

Psychological Distress Students reported a highly significant reduction in total psychological distress from pre-counselling ( M = 16.90, SD = 6.01) to post-counselling ( M = 13.81, SD = 5.62), with a medium effect size ( p < 0.001, d = 0.50, medium ES).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

showed a trendno p-value reported

Reflective Functioning showed a trend toward improvement, but this change did not reach statistical significance.

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