Laser-Based Photobiomodulation for Orthodontic Pain: Mechanistic Evidence from Experimental Tooth-Movement Models

Int J Mol Sci · 2026 · PMC13300536

Europe PMC

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

showed a trendno p-value reported

In addition, glial markers increased at later time points: CD11b (microglial marker) and GFAP (astrocytic marker) were significantly elevated from days 3 to 7, and CO 2 laser irradiation showed a trend toward suppressing these changes, although differences did not reach statistical significance.

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