Effects of nutritional supplementation combined with exercise on BMI and lipid profiles in individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results were significant in the male subgroup, whereas some female subgroups failed to reach statistical significance.

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Some short-term interventions or specific sex-based subgroups showed a decreasing trend, but the differences did not reach statistical significance.

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Subgroup analyses ( Table 2 ) showed that, for BMI, aerobic exercise combined with nutritional supplementation (WMD = −2.33 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: −3.31 to −1.35) and resistance plus aerobic training (WMD = −1.83 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: −3.00 to −0.66) significantly reduced BMI, whereas resistance training alone demonstrated a downward trend but did not reach statistical significance.

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The male subgroup showed significant results (WMD = 6.92 mg/dL, 95% CI: 6.36–7.47), whereas some female or single-modality intervention subgroups showed an increasing trend but did not reach statistical significance, as the confidence intervals crossed zero.

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