Mast cells and endothelial cells mediate interleukin-33 and ST2 responses in distal chronic obstructive pulmonary disease lungs.

Alveolar ST2 mRNA expression positively correlated with smoking history (pack-years; r s = 0.80, P = .005) and showed a negative trend with years since smoking cessation (r s = −0.57, P = .05) in COPD GOLD IV patients ( Figure S8A ).

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Regarding alveolar endothelial densities, the number of IL-33–positive gCaps per tissue area of alveolar walls increased in COPD, while sST2 + gCaps showed a trend toward increase ( Figure 7E ).

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