Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with microbiota-related 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid alterations and M2 macrophage polarization in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Differential gene expression analysis of islet tissue revealed downregulation of several inflammation-associated genes (Prss3, Mknk1, P2rx1, Rbpjl), while gene set enrichment analysis showed a trend toward suppression of NF-κB signaling and enrichment of PPAR pathways, although statistical significance was attenuated after multiple-testing correction ( Figures 4K,L ).

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In the Omega3-FMT group, there was a trend towards higher enrichment of the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway compared to the Con-FMT group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 5K ).

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