A translational preclinical strategy for chronic spinal cord injury: neuroprotective and regenerative potential of botulinum neurotoxin type A combined with muscle atrophy prevention via electrostimulation.

8 a ) a higher density and intensity of Olig1+ cells in EMS+BoNT/A-treated animals compared to EMS+saline and the evaluation of fluorescence brightness of Olig1 expression in the BoNT/A group reveal an increasing trend, although not significant both in EPI or PERI areas.

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Additional analyses using thresholded Manders’ coefficients showed consistent trends but did not reach statistical significance ( Additional file 1: Fig.

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In the PERI region, BoNT/A showed a trend toward increased Iba1 + area, consistent with the higher prevalence of ramified cells, which typically exhibit broader arborisation and therefore occupy a larger two-dimensional area despite being less reactive.

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