Influence of oestradiol on exercise induced muscular damage and heart rate variability in a non-trained healthy population.

Exp Physiol · 2026 · PMC13327343 · PMID 42065231

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0520

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0730

boldest claim

The sentences

near statistical significanceP = 0.052so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Regarding pain perception immediately (15 min) after exercise, women in the low‐E2 group reported more pain in the lower body than those in the high‐E2 group, this being near statistical significance ( P = 0.052; | d | = 0.35; 95% CI −1.00, 0.31).

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near significanceP = 0.073so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

However, the time effect was near significance ( P = 0.073; η 2 = 0.12), suggesting an increase in pain over time, as expected.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the high‐E2 group showed a tendency toward higher SNP indices at both time points, these differences did not reach statistical significance.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.