Comparative efficacy and safety of monotherapy and combination pharmacotherapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Compared with placebo, cyclophosphamide added to glucocorticoids (CTX; OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.26–1.85), simtuzumab (SV; OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.23–2.03), and macitentan (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.06–7.20) showed a nonsignificant trend toward a lower risk of AEs (Fig. 3 B).

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Compared with placebo, pamrevlumab (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.46–1.09), bexotegrast (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.04–4.36), and cyclophosphamide added to glucocorticoids (CTX; OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.38–1.63) showed a trend toward a lower risk of SAEs, although none of these differences reached statistical significance (Fig. 3 A).Conversely, rentosertib exhibited a non-significant trend toward a higher risk of SAEs compared with placebo (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.72–2.77).

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Compared with placebo, pirfenidone (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.27–1.21), pamrevlumab (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.35–1.74), and nerandomilast (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.39–1.82) showed trends toward a reduced risk of disease progression; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 5 A).

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