Natural Vegetation Phenology in Central Asia: Satellite-Derived Trends and Nonlinear Dynamics via EEMD.

Contrasting trends north and south of 45° N, pronounced advancement at elevations of 1500–3000 m, and the absence of a significant trend above 3000 m demonstrate that vegetation type, latitude, elevation, and topography jointly shape regional phenology.

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First, from northern Kazakhstan to southern Turkmenistan, there is a clear trend of progressively earlier SOP from north to south.

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