Associations of in utero exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids with human semen quality and reproductive hormones in adult men.

CASA semen analysis provided somewhat stronger indications of an association between PFOA exposure and the percentage of progressive spermatozoa, with a significant trend in the adjusted analyses and a 13% relative decrease (95% CI: –23, –2%) in the percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa in the high-PFOA group compared with the low-PFOA group [see Supplemental Material, Table S2 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205118 )].

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Furthermore, human exposure through drinking water in contaminated areas and dust in indoor environments may be significant ( Emmett et al. 2006 ; Haug et al. 2011 ; Shoeib et al. 2011 ).

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Furthermore, we observed a positive trend between in utero PFOA exposure and LH and FSH levels in adult men ( Appasamy et al. 2007 ; de Kretser 1979 ; de Kretser et al. 1989 ; Gordetsky et al. 2012 ; Tuttelmann et al. 2009 ); this result supports the general notion that high gonadotrophin concentrations are expected to be associated with low sperm concentration and total sperm count, and corresponds with our finding that men in the high PFOA tertile had a tendency toward lower sperm concentration and total sperm count compared with men in the low tertile.

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LH was not statistically significantly associated with PFOA exposure based on the crude trend test; however, adjusted analyses showed a trend of higher LH with higher in utero exposure to PFOA, with a 24% (95% CI: 4, 48%) higher LH level estimated for the high- versus low-PFOA exposure group.

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